Chromatography apparatus

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for use in liquid chromatography involves a column filled with media bounded axially by first and second porous plates. The column has an inlet end with an inflow region between the inlet end and the first porous plate. The column also has an outlet end with an outflow region between the outlet end and the second porous plate. The inflow region may be substantially longer than the outflow region. The porous plates may be moveable under pressure so as to compress the media.

[0001] The present Application is a continuation of U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/687,801, filed on Oct. 13, 2000. U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/687,801 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/137,019 filed Aug. 20, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,605 (which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Ser. No. 08/968,287 filed Nov. 12, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,766) and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/548,261 filed Apr. 12, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,087 (which is a divisional application of U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/137,278 filed Aug. 20, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,733) and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/548,214 filed Apr. 12, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,252 (which is a divisional application of U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/137,278 filed Aug. 20, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,733).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] In one aspect, the invention relates to columns used in liquid chromatography. In another aspect, the invention relates to introducing a sample into a chromatography column. The invention, in yet another aspect, relates to an apparatus and method for sealing the openings of vessels; in particular, the apparatus relates to sealing the openings of liquid chromatography cartridges.

[0003] Liquid chromatography is a technique for separating the individual compounds that exist in a subject sample. In employing the technique, the subject sample is carried in a liquid, called a mobile phase. The mobile phase carrying the subject sample is caused to migrate through a media, called a stationary phase. Different compounds will have differing rates of migration through the media, which effects the separation of the components in the subject sample. Liquid chromatography is commonly performed with reusable columns or with disposable cartridges, both of which are usually cylindrical, in which the media bed is bounded axially by porous plates, or plates containing defined flow paths, through which the mobile phase will flow. (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,035 to McDonald et al.) Chromatography systems demand that a reliable seal be created between the column and the head through which the mobile phase enters. This is a particular problem in chromatography systems that employ disposable cartridges in which precise tolerances and careful machining that are customarily required for the creation of effective seals will increase manufacturing costs. Methods of sealing liquid chromatography cartridges typically require forcing a sealing head onto or into the cartridge. Some prior art techniques involve forcing a one-piece sealing head with an elastomeric o-ring, connected radially or to an end of the sealing head, into the cartridge. Alternately, a tapered sealing head can be forced into a cartridge without employing an o-ring to create a seal. Other prior art techniques employ o-rings or knife-edges (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,601,708 to Leavesley) oriented axially on a sealing head that create seals with the edges of the cartridges at their open ends.

[0004] Chromatography columns and cartridges also demand a close contact between the sealing heads and the media bed. Prior art sealing techniques often create gaps between the sealing head and the media bed. Even small gaps can reduce the resolution of distinct components that can be achieved. At the entrance of a column or cartridge, gaps between the sealing head and the porous plate or media will allow the subject sample to disperse and become diluted. At the exit of a column or cartridge, gaps will create a volume in which distinct fractions of the subject sample, which were separated during migration through the media, can blend back together. Thus, gaps at either end of the media bed can degrade the analytic performance of chromatography columns or cartridges.

[0005] When chemists optimize liquid chromatographic separations conditions, they may need to dissolve the sample mixture in a dissolution solvent which may be nonideal for elution. This can result in poor separation and poor recovery of desired components.

[0006] One solution to this problem is to pre-absorb the sample onto a media prior to chromatography. This involves dissolving the sample mixture in a suitable solvent and adding an amount of a dry media (usually similar to the media being used for the separation) to this solution. The dissolution solvent is then evaporated off, usually using a rotary evaporator, leaving the sample mixture dry, and absorbed to the media. The pre-absorbed media is then placed at the head of a pre-packed glass, metal or plastic chromatography column, and the optimized chromatographic solvent would flow through the pre-absorbed media and then through the column of separation media. This method has the potential hazard of the operator coming into contact with the dry powdery media both before and after the addition of the sample. This method also can lead to poor separations and recovery.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] In one aspect, the invention in general relates to sealing a chromatography cartridge containing a media bed that forms a stop. The apparatus involves a sealing head that includes a first head piece, a second head piece, and an elastomeric sealing member. The first head piece includes a first compression face and a contact face adapted to contact said stop. The second head piece includes a second compression face and a compression force receiving member. The elastomeric sealing member is at least partially situated between the first and second compression faces. The first head piece, the second head piece, and the elastomeric sealing member are sized to slide easily into a chromatography cartridge having interior walls and containing a chromatography media bed that is bounded axially by porous plates.

[0008] In operation, the sealing head is inserted into the cartridge. Friction between the elastomeric sealing member and the cartridge is minimized when the elastomeric sealing member is in an uncompressed state during insertion. After the head has been inserted into the cartridge, the elastomeric sealing member is compressed between the first and second compression faces, by moving the second head piece toward the media bed so that the contact face presses against the stop. Compression of the elastomeric sealing member causes the elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally so that it presses against the interior walls of the cartridge and creates a seal.

[0009] The sealing apparatus may be removed from the cartridge by raising the second head piece relative to the first head piece, thus reducing the compression forces on the elastomeric sealing member and lessening its lateral expansion. This reduces the frictional contact between the elastomeric sealing member and the interior walls of the cartridge, so that the sealing member and the first and second head pieces may be more easily removed.

[0010] By providing a second sealing apparatus, it is possible to seal both ends of a chromatography cartridge in the manner described above.

[0011] In the preferred embodiments, the first head piece contains a body portion and an outwardly-extending shoulder. The first compression face is located on the shoulder. Additionally, the first and second head pieces are shaped and sized so that the second head piece may slidably receive the body of the first head piece. The first head piece defines a flow path for the passage of a fluid, such as a mobile phase for chromatography. The contact face on the first head piece includes a slight conical concavity that helps to distribute a mobile phase uniformly to the media bed.

[0012] In operating the preferred embodiments, the contact face of the first head piece presses against the porous plate while the elastomeric sealing member is compressed axially. This axial compression causes the elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally, thus forming a seal with the interior walls cartridge.

[0013] In another aspect, the invention in general relates to sealing chromatography columns containing a first media bed, by creating a plurality of seals. The apparatus involves a sealing head that includes a first head piece, a second head piece, an intermediate head piece, and a plurality of elastomeric sealing members. The first head piece has a body portion and a shoulder that extends farther radially than the body portion. The second head piece and the intermediate head piece define central openings through which the body portion of the first head piece is slidably fitted. The elastomeric sealing members are annular and they circumscribe the body portion of the first head piece. A first elastomeric sealing member is between the shoulder and the intermediate head piece. A second elastomeric sealing member is between the second head piece and the intermediate head piece.

[0014] The first and second head pieces, the intermediate head piece, and the elastomeric sealing members are sized to slide easily into the chromatography column.

[0015] In operation, the apparatus is inserted into the column. Friction between the elastomeric sealing members and the column is minimized when the elastomeric sealing members are in an uncompressed state during insertion. After the head has been inserted into the column, the elastomeric sealing members are compressed, by moving the first and second head pieces relative to each other, so that the second head piece moves toward the shoulder of the first head piece. The first elastomeric sealing member is compressed between the shoulder and the intermediate head piece. The second elastomeric sealing member is compressed between the intermediate head piece and the second head piece. Compression of the elastomeric sealing members causes them to expand laterally so that they press against the interior walls of the column and create seals.

[0016] In alternate preferred embodiments, an inner cartridge fits into an open end of the column. Preferably, the inner cartridge is a sample module. The sample module contains a subject sample. The sample module may also contain chromatography solvents and a chromatography media of either the same or different composition that is used in the column. The shoulder of the first head piece and the first elastomeric sealing member are sized to fit slidably into the sample module, when the first elastomeric sealing member is uncompressed. When a compressive force is applied to the sealing head, the first elastic sealing member forms a seal with the sample module and the second elastic sealing member forms a seal with the column.

[0017] Embodiments of these aspects of the invention may include one or more of the following advantages. Insertion of the sealing apparatus into a chromatography cartridge creates minimal friction between the sealing head and the interior walls of the cartridge. Use of the sealing apparatus does not require close tolerances that create a precise fit between the sealing head and the cartridge. A small amount of force is required to create a seal with chromatography cartridges, relative to prior art methods. The sealing apparatus can be easily removed from a chromatography cartridge, so that the cartridge can be replaced. Because use of the apparatus can minimize frictional shear forces during insertion into a chromatography cartridge, wear on elastomeric sealing members is reduced. Using the apparatus can create a high quality seal. Using the apparatus can minimize the gap that is created between a sealing head and the media bed or porous plate, when sealing a chromatography cartridge. Using the apparatus can axially compress the media bed while sealing a chromatography cartridge. The apparatus has the ability to create a seal by the relative motion of two pieces that compress an elastomeric sealing member without exerting axial force on the media itself. The apparatus can also create a seal by pressing the sealing head against a rigid stop within the column. The apparatus can be adapted for sealing chromatography cartridges having media beds of varying lengths and distances from the opening of the cartridge. The invention may be used with any type of column, including disposable pre-packed cartridges, columns with flexible walls, and columns made of, e.g., glass, steel, or a synthetic material. By employing a sample module that is fitted and sealed within the column a subject sample may be analyzed with two different media in one column. The sample module and the column may employ either porous plates or plates having drilled channels to bound the media beds. The outwardly extending shoulder may have any shape that allows it to exert a compressive force on an elastomeric sealing member.

[0018] In an alternative aspect, the invention features, in general, a chromatography sample module including a flow-through member having an inlet and an outlet and chromatography media within the flow-through member. A sample is added to the media, and the module, with the sample carried therein, can then be connected to a separation column.

[0019] Preferably the chromatography sample module is a tubular member that is sized to fit within the end of a chromatography column that is used for separation of the sample contained on the media in the module. Alternatively, the module can be connected to the chromatography separation column by a flow line. The sample in the dissolution solvent can be added to the sample module, and then the dissolution solvent can be evaporated. Alternatively, the sample in the dissolution solvent can be added to the sample module as a liquid without evaporation.

[0020] In yet another alternative aspect the invention features a rack of sample modules arranged in an array.

[0021] Embodiments of these aspects invention may include one or more of the following advantages. The samples can be easily introduced into separation columns. Various solvents can be used for separation and dissolution of the sample, permitting optimization of the separation procedure. Samples are easily preprocessed, and the operator is not exposed to the media before or after adding the sample. A large number of samples can be prepared for processing at one time, facilitating the carrying out of multiple separations at one time.

[0022] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a sealing apparatus according to the invention and a chromatography cartridge.

[0024]FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a sealing apparatus according to the invention.

[0025]FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a sealing apparatus according to the invention showing the formation of a seal with a chromatography cartridge.

[0026]FIG. 4A is a diagrammatic vertical-sectional view of a sealing apparatus according to the invention.

[0027]FIG. 4B is a diagrammatic vertical-sectional view of a sealing apparatus according to the invention and a chromatography column.

[0028]FIG. 4C is a diagrammatic vertical-sectional view of a sealing apparatus according to the invention showing the formation of seals with a chromatography column.

[0029]FIG. 5A is a diagrammatic exploded vertical-sectional view of an alternate sealing apparatus according to the invention with a chromatography column.

[0030]FIG. 5B is a diagrammatic vertical-sectional view of an alternate sealing apparatus according to the invention showing the formation of a seal with a chromatography column.

[0031]FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a chromatography system according to the invention.

[0032]FIG. 7 is a vertical sectional view of a chromatography sample module used in the FIG. 6 system.

[0033]FIG. 8 is a plan view of a rack containing a plurality of the FIG. 7 sample modules in an array.

[0034]FIG. 9 is an elevation of the FIG. 8 rack and modules.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0035] Referring to FIGS. 1-3, there is shown a sealing apparatus employing sealing head 2, which includes first head piece 4, having body 6 with longitudinal axis 8. First head piece 4 has outwardly-extending shoulder 10, first compression face 12 that is located on shoulder 10, and contact face 14. Part of contact face 14 has a slightly conical shape or other concavity (exaggerated in FIGS. 2 and 3). First head piece 4 defines flow path 16 along axis 8. Second head piece 18, which includes second compression face 20 and a compression force receiving member extending thereabove, is sized to slidably receive body 6 of first head piece 4. Elastomeric sealing member 22 is at least partially situated between first compression face 12 and second compression face 20.

[0036] Sealing head 2 and its components are sized to fit slidably into cartridge 24, having chamfered edges 26, and chromatography media 28 bounded axially by porous plates which form a rigid stop within the cartridge.

[0037] The connection of the apparatus is shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. As shown in FIG. 1, first head piece 4, elastomeric sealing member 22, and second head piece 18 are oriented so that they may slide into cartridge 24. As shown in FIG. 3, after first head piece 4, elastomeric sealing member 22, and second head piece 18 are situated within cartridge 24, and contact face 14 is stopped at porous plate 18, additional downward force on second head piece 18 causes first head piece 4 and second head piece 18 to be moved toward each other, thus axially compressing elastomeric sealing member 22 between first compression face 12 and second compression face 20. The axial compression of elastomeric sealing member 22 causes it to expand laterally and press against cartridge 24, thus forming a seal.

[0038] As shown in FIG. 3, insertion of sealing head 2 can create a close connection between contact face 14 and porous plate 30. Compressing elastomeric sealing member 22 between first compression face 12 and second compression face 20, by pressing second head piece 18 against elastomeric sealing member 22, which in turn presses first head piece 4 against porous plate 30, can maintain a close connection between contact face 14 and porous plate 30 while forming a seal between sealing head 2 and cartridge 24.

[0039] In the preferred combination, sealing head 2 is used to seal cartridge 24 having flexible walls. In other combinations, sealing head 2 is part of a containment structure assembly for receiving cartridge 24. The containment structure assembly may be pressurizable, such as a pressure vessel assembly that receives cartridge 24, compresses the flexible walls of cartridge 24, and provides uniform packing for chromatography media 28 therein. A containment structure of this type is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,035 to McDonald, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. Another type of pressurizable containment structure is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,601,708 to Leavesley, which is also incorporated herein by reference. In other combinations, sealing head 2 is used to seal cartridge 24 having rigid walls.

[0040] The radial displacement of the outer surface of elastomeric sealing member 22 accommodates a range of inner diameters of cartridge 24, permitting effective seals while relaxing tolerances for the inner diameter of cartridge 24 to ±0.005″.

[0041] Referring to FIGS. 4A-4C, there is shown an alternate preferred embodiment of a sealing apparatus employing sealing head 210, which includes first head piece 212, second head piece 224, intermediate head piece 228, and first and second annular elastomeric sealing members 234, 236.

[0042] First head piece 212 has body 214 with longitudinal axis 216. First head piece 212 has outwardly extending shoulder 218, and contact face 220. Part of contact face 220 has a slightly conical shape or other concavity. First head piece 212 defines flow path 222 along axis 216.

[0043] Body 214 of first head piece 212 fits slidably through second head piece 224, intermediate head piece 228, and through first and second elastomeric sealing members 234, 236.

[0044] First elastomeric sealing member 234 is adjacent to both shoulder 218 and intermediate head piece 228. Second elastomeric sealing member 236 is adjacent to both intermediate head piece 228 and second head piece 224.

[0045] Sealing head 210 and its components are sized to fit slidably into column 238, having chamfered edges 240, filled with chromatography media bed 242, which is bounded axially by porous plates 244, 245.

[0046] The connection of the apparatus is shown in FIGS. 4B and 4C. As shown in FIG. 4B, first head piece 212, second head piece 224, intermediate head piece 228, and elastomeric sealing members 234, 236 are oriented so that they may slide into column 238. As shown in FIG. 4C, after sealing head 210 is situated within column 224, first head piece 212 and second head piece 224 are moved relative to each other. This relative movement axially compresses first elastomeric sealing member 234 between shoulder 218 and intermediate head piece 228 and also compresses second elastomeric sealing member 236 between intermediate head piece 228 and second head piece 224. The axial compression of elastomeric sealing members 234, 236 causes them to expand laterally and press against the interior surface of column 238, thus forming seals.

[0047] As shown in FIG. 4C, insertion of sealing head 210 can create a close connection between contact face 220 and porous plate 244. Compressing elastomeric sealing members 234, 236, by pressing second head piece 224 against second elastomeric sealing member 236, which in turn presses second elastomeric sealing member 236 against intermediate head piece 228, intermediate head piece 228 against first elastomeric sealing member 234, first elastomeric sealing member against shoulder 218, and contact face 220 against porous plate 244, can maintain a close connection between contact face 220 and porous plate 244 while forming a seal between sealing head 210 and column 238.

[0048] Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown chromatography system 310 which includes a source of solvent 312, pump 314, sample module 150, liquid chromatography column 138, and sample collection vessel 320. In this system, the sample to be analyzed is preabsorbed onto media in sample module 150 prior to pumping solvent into module 150 and into chromatography column 138 to perform the separation procedure.

[0049] Referring to FIG. 2, it is seen that sample module 150 includes cylindrical plastic tube 152, porous plates 156, 157 (made of inert plastic porous frits), and chromatography media 154 (only partially shown in the figures) between porous plates 156, 157.

[0050] As appears from FIGS. 5A and 5B, sample module 150 is designed to fit within chromatography column 138 at the entrance thereof and to be sealably connected to the sealing head. Tube 152 is designed to fit within column 138 with minimal space between the two; in particular, there is 0.000″ to 0.010″ of radial clearance.

[0051] Sample module 150 can be filled with media that is the same as or is different from the media of chromatography column 138. The sample is dissolved in the required solvent and added to the top of sample module 150, where it is drawn into the media by capillary action. This dissolution solvent is then removed by placing sample module 150 in a vacuum chamber. Heat may also be applied.

[0052] After sample module 150 has dried, it can be placed directly inside separation column 138 so that the lower porous plate 157 is an in intimate contact with the surface of the separation media or with a porous plate within the separation column on top of the separation media.

[0053] Alternatively, sample module 150 can be placed in a remote tube connected by a solvent line. Alternatively, the sample can be dissolved in a separation solvent (or a weaker solvent), and added to module 150. The wet module can then be loaded into the column or into a remote tube.

[0054] Examples of the types of complex samples where this technique has particularly advantageous use include synthetic organic reaction mixtures and natural product extracts, (e.g., from fermentation broths or plants). These samples often need to be dissolved in a solvent not compatible with the optimized separation solvent. Solvents are organized according to their “solvent strength,” where hexanes have a value close to zero, and methanol has a value of 0.95. Optimized separation eluents often have a lower solvent strength; e.g., hexane:ethylacetate 1:1 has a solvent strength of 0.295. If the sample needs to be dissolved in a strong solvent such as methanol, there will be a solvent strength difference of 0.655 seen initially after loading the sample onto the column, and this will impair the separation of the sample. If the sample dissolved in methanol is instead preadsorbed to the media in the sample module and dried, the sample will not face this impairment during separation.

[0055] Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, sample modules 150 can be supplied in racks 332, and a whole rack of sample modules 150 can be efficiently prepared at one time rather than one at a time.

[0056]FIGS. 5A and 5B show the placement of a module 150 in a column 138 and the sealing of the module 150 and column 138 to a sealing head used to deliver solvent. Sealing head 110 has first head piece 112, second head piece 124, intermediate head piece 128, and first and second annular elastomeric sealing members 134, 136.

[0057] First head piece 112 has body 114 with longitudinal axis 116. First head piece 112 has outwardly extending shoulder 118, and contact face 120. Part of contact face 120 has a slightly conical shape or other concavity. First head piece 112 defines flow path 122 along axis 116.

[0058] Body 114 of first head piece 112 fits slidably through central openings in second head piece 124, intermediate head piece 128, and first and second elastomeric sealing members 134, 136.

[0059] Second head piece 124 has outwardly extending compression force receiving member 146. Intermediate head piece 128 has narrow portion 148 distal from second head piece 124.

[0060] First elastomeric sealing member 134 is adjacent to both shoulder 118 and narrow portion 148 of intermediate head piece 128. Second elastomeric sealing member 36 is adjacent to both intermediate head piece 128 and second head piece 124.

[0061] Sample module 150 has tube 152 which contains second chromatography media bed 154 bounded axially by second porous plates 156, 157. The outer diameter of tube 152 is sized so that sample module 150 fits into column 138. The inner diameter of tube 152 is sized so that it may slidably receive shoulder 118, first elastomeric sealing member 134, and narrow portion 148 of intermediate head piece 128.

[0062] Intermediate head piece 128, second elastomeric sealing member 136, and second head piece 124 are sized to fit slidably into column 138, having chamfered edges 140, filled with first chromatography media bed 142, which is bounded axially by first porous plates 144.

[0063] Referring to FIG. 5B seals are formed with the apparatus by inserting sample module 150 into column 138 so that second porous plate 157 abuts first porous plate 144. Sealing head 110 is then inserted into column 138 and tube 152 of sample module 150, so that shoulder 118, first elastomeric sealing member 134, and narrow portion 148 are within tube 152, and contact face 120 abuts second porous plate 156. Sealing head 110 extends far enough into column 138 so that second elastomeric sealing member 136 opposes the inner surface of column 138.

[0064] Downward compressive force applied to outwardly extending compression force receiving member 146 causes second head piece 124 to slide relative to first head piece 112 and transmits compressive force to second elastomeric sealing member 136, intermediate head piece 128, first elastomeric sealing member 134, shoulder 118, second porous plate 156, first media bed 154, second porous plate 157, first porous plate 144, and first media bed 142. The compressive force causes first and second elastomeric sealing members 134, 136 to expand radially so that first elastomeric sealing member 134 forms a seal with tube 152 and second elastomeric sealing member 136 forms a seal with column 138.

[0065] The seals are released by applying an upward force to second head piece 124, thereby reducing the compressive force on the components of sealing head 110 and reducing the radial expansion of elastomeric sealing members 134, 136.

[0066] Preferably, cartridge 24 and tube 152 are made of high-density polyethylene. However, columns and cartridges may be constructed of other materials, including glass or stainless steel. Preferably, elastomeric sealing member 22 is made of a fluorocarbon polymer, such as that sold under the trade name CHEMRAZ. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for sealing a sample-conveying conduit to a chromatography cartridge containing a media bed that forms a stop comprising: a first head piece and a second head piece, both of which are elongated along a longitudinal axis and are sized to fit slidably into the cartridge, said first head piece having a body, a first compression face, and a contact face adapted to contact said stop, said second head piece having a second compression face and a compression force receiving member, said body defining an elongate flow channel along said axis; and an elastomeric sealing member at least part of which is situated between said first compression face and said second compression face, said elastomeric sealing member being sized to fit slidably into the cartridge when said elastomeric sealing member is not compressed, said elastomeric sealing member capable of being compressed, between said first and second compression faces, by moving said second head piece toward the media bed so that said contact face of said first head piece presses against the stop, causing said elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally to form a seal with the cartridge.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an outwardly-extending shoulder that is part of said first head piece, said first compression face being located on said outwardly-extending shoulder.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said second head piece is sized to slidably receive said body of said first head piece.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is annular.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is an o-ring.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said contact face is at least partially concave.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is capable of being compressed axially between said first and second compression faces, by the relative movement of said second head pieces of so that said elastomeric sealing member expands laterally and forms a seal with the cartridge.
 8. The combination of a sealing head for a sample-conveying conduit and a chromatography cartridge comprising: a chromatography cartridge having walls; a chromatography media bed inside said cartridge forming a stop; a first head piece and a second head piece, both of which are elongated along a longitudinal axis and are sized to fit slidably into said cartridge, said first head piece having a body, a first compression face, and a contact face adapted to contact said stop, said second head piece having a second compression face and a compression force receiving member, said body defining an elongate flow channel along said axis; and an elastomeric sealing member at least part of which is situated between said first compression face and said second compression face, said elastomeric sealing member being sized to fit slidably into said cartridge when said elastomeric sealing member is not compressed, said elastomeric sealing member capable of being compressed, between said first and second compression faces, by moving said second head piece toward said media bed so that said contact face of first head piece presses against said stop and said elastomeric sealing member expands laterally to form a seal with the cartridge.
 9. The combination of claim 8, further comprising an outwardly-extending shoulder that is part of said first head piece, said first compression face being located on said outwardly-extending shoulder.
 10. The combination of claim 9 wherein said second head piece is sized to slidably receive said body of said first head piece.
 11. The combination of claim 8 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is annular.
 12. The combination of claim 11 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is an o-ring.
 13. The combination of claim 8 wherein said contact face is at least partially concave.
 14. The combination of claim 8 wherein said cartridge has flexible walls permitting radial compression.
 15. The combination of claim 8 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is capable of being compressed axially, between said first and second compression faces, by the relative movement of said first and second head pieces of said sealing head, so that said elastomeric sealing member expands laterally and forms a seal with said cartridge.
 16. The combination of two sealing heads for sample-conveying conduits and a chromatography cartridge comprising: a chromatography cartridge having walls and having a first end and a second end; a media bed within said chromatography column forming first and second stops; a first sealing head having a first head piece and a second head piece, both of which are elongated along a first longitudinal axis and are sized to fit slidably into said first end of said cartridge, said first head piece having a first body, a first compression face, and a first contact face adapted to contact said first stop, said second head piece having a second compression face and a first compression force receiving member, said first body defining an elongate flow channel along said first axis, said first sealing head also having a first elastomeric sealing member at least part of which is situated between said first compression face and said second compression face, said first elastomeric sealing member being sized to fit slidably into said first end of said cartridge when said first elastomeric sealing member is not compressed, said first elastomeric sealing member capable of being compressed, between said first and second compression faces, by moving said second head piece toward said media bed so that said contact face of said first head piece presses against said first stop, causing said elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally to form a seal with said cartridge; and a second sealing head having a third head piece and a fourth head piece, both of which are elongated along a second longitudinal axis and are sized to fit slidably into said second end of said cartridge, said third head piece having a second body, a third compression face, and a second contact face adapted to contact said second stop, said fourth head piece having a fourth compression face and a compression force receiving member, said second body defining an elongate flow channel along said second axis, said second sealing head also having a second elastomeric sealing member at least part of which is situated between said third compression face and said fourth compression face, said second elastomeric sealing member being sized to fit slidably into said second end of said cartridge when said second elastomeric sealing member is not compressed, said second elastomeric sealing member capable of being compressed between said third and fourth compression faces, by moving said fourth head piece toward said media bed so that said second contact face of said third head piece presses against said second stop, causing said second elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally to form a seal with said cartridge.
 17. The combination of claim 16, further comprising: a first outwardly-extending shoulder that is part of said first head piece, said first compression face being located on said first outwardly-extending shoulder; and a second outwardly-extending shoulder that is part of said third head piece, said third compression face being located on said second outwardly-extending shoulder.
 18. The combination of claim 17 wherein said second head piece is sized to slidably receive said first body of said first head piece and said fourth head piece is sized to slidably receive said second body of said third head piece.
 19. The combination of claim 16 wherein said first and second elastomeric sealing members are annular.
 20. The combination of claim 19 wherein said first and second elastomeric sealing members are o-rings.
 21. The combination of claim 16 wherein said first and second contact faces are each at least partially concave.
 22. The combination of claim 16 wherein: said first elastomeric sealing member is capable of being compressed axially, between said first and second compression faces, by the relative movement of said first and second head pieces of said first sealing head, so that said first elastomeric sealing member expands laterally and forms a seal with said cartridge; and said second elastomeric sealing member is capable of being compressed axially, between said third and fourth compression faces, by the relative movement of said third and fourth head pieces of said second sealing head, so that said second elastomeric sealing member expands laterally and forms a seal with said cartridge.
 23. The combination of claim 16 wherein said cartridge has flexible walls permitting radial compression.
 24. A method for sealing a sample-conveying conduit to a chromatography cartridge containing a media bed that forms a stop comprising the steps of: providing a sealing head with a first head piece and a second head piece, both said first and second head pieces sized to fit slidably into an open end of the cartridge, said first head piece having a body, a first compression face, and a contact face adapted to contact the stop, said second head piece having a second compression face and a compression force receiving member; providing an elastomeric sealing member at least part of which is situated between said first compression face and said second compression face, said elastomeric sealing member being sized to fit slidably into the cartridge when not compressed; inserting said first head piece along its axis, said second head piece, and said elastomeric sealing member into the cartridge, while said elastomeric sealing member is in an uncompressed state; and compressing said elastomeric sealing member, between said first and second compression faces, by moving said second head piece toward the media bed so that contact face of said first head piece presses against the stop, causing said elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally to form a seal with the cartridge.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein said first compression face is located on an outwardly-extending shoulder, said outwardly-extending shoulder being part of said first head piece.
 26. The method of claim 24 wherein said second head piece is sized to slidably receive said body of said first head piece.
 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising the following steps for disconnecting the conduit: moving said first and second head pieces relative to each other so as to reduce the compression of said elastomeric sealing member; and removing said sealing head from the cartridge.
 28. The method of claim 24 wherein said contact face is at least partially concave.
 29. The method of claim 24 wherein the step of compressing said elastomeric sealing member involves compressing said elastomeric sealing member axially, between said first and second compression faces, by moving said first and second head pieces relative to each other, thus causing said elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally so that it presses against the cartridge.
 30. The method of claim 24 wherein said cartridge has flexible walls.
 31. The method of claim 24 wherein said cartridge has a porous plate that bounds axially the media bed, and wherein the step of compressing said elastomeric sealing member is performed by applying compressive force to said compression force receiving member, thereby compressing said second head piece against said elastomeric sealing member, said elastomeric sealing member in turn pressing said contact face of said first head piece against said porous plate, and thus facilitating a close connection between said contact face and said porous plate while creating a seal between said sealing head and the cartridge.
 32. An apparatus for sealing a vessel containing a media that forms a stop comprising: a first head piece and a second head piece, both of which are sized to fit slidably into the vessel, said first head piece having a body, a first compression face, and a contact face adapted to contact the stop, said second head piece having a second compression face and a compression force receiving member; and an elastomeric sealing member at least part of which is situated between said first compression face and said second compression face, said elastomeric sealing member being sized to fit slidably into the vessel when not compressed, said elastomeric sealing member capable of being compressed, between said first and second compression faces, by moving said second head piece toward the media bed so that said contact face of said first head piece presses against the stop, causing said elastomeric sealing member to expand laterally to form a seal with the vessel.
 33. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising an outwardly-extending shoulder that is part of said first head piece, said first compression face being located on said outwardly-extending shoulder.
 34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein said second head piece is sized to slidably receive said body of said first head piece.
 35. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is annular.
 36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is an o-ring.
 37. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein said elastomeric sealing member is capable of being compressed axially, between said first and second compression faces, by the relative movement of said first and second head pieces of said sealing head, so that said elastomeric sealing member expands laterally and forms a seal with the vessel.
 38. An apparatus for sealing a sample-conveying conduit to a chromatography column comprising: a first head piece, a second head piece, and an intermediate head piece, all of which are elongated along a longitudinal axis and are sized to fit slidably into the column, said first head piece having a body, a contact face, said body defining an elongate flow channel along said axis; and first and second elastomeric sealing members, at least part of said first elastomeric sealing member situated between said first head piece and said intermediate head piece, at least part of said second elastomeric sealing member situated between said intermediate head piece and said second head piece, said elastomeric sealing members sized to fit slidably into the column when said elastomeric sealing members are not compressed, said elastomeric sealing members capable of being compressed, by the relative movement of any of said head pieces, so that said elastomeric sealing members expand laterally and form seals with the column.
 39. The apparatus of claim 38, further comprising an outwardly extending shoulder that is part of said first head piece.
 40. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein said second head piece is sized to slidably receive said body of said first head piece.
 41. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein said elastomeric sealing members are annular.
 42. The apparatus of claim 41 wherein said elastomeric sealing members are o-rings.
 43. The apparatus of claim 42 wherein said contact face is at least partially concave.
 44. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein said first elastomeric sealing member is capable of being compressed axially, between said first head piece and said intermediate head piece, and said second elastomeric sealing member is capable of being compressed axially, between said intermediate head piece and said second head piece so that said elastomeric sealing members expand laterally and form seals with the column.
 45. A sealing apparatus for sealing a sample-conveying conduit to a chromatography column filled with a first media bed and having open ends comprising: a first head piece having a body, a shoulder, and a contact face, said contact face capable of transmitting pressure against the first media bed; a second head piece defining a first central opening through which said body is fit slidably; an intermediate head piece defining a second central opening through which said body is fit slidably, said intermediate head piece disposed between said shoulder and said second head piece; a plurality of elastomeric sealing members, including at least first and second elastomeric sealing member, said first elastomeric sealing member disposed between said shoulder and said intermediate head piece, and said second elastomeric sealing member disposed between said intermediate head piece and said second head piece.
 46. The sealing apparatus of claim 45 wherein said shoulder, said second head piece, said intermediate head piece are sized to fit slidably into the column, when said first and second elastomeric sealing members are not compressed.
 47. The sealing apparatus of claim 45 wherein said first and second elastomeric sealing members are sized to fit slidably into the column, when said first and second elastomeric sealing members are not compressed.
 48. The sealing apparatus of claim 45, further comprising an inner cartridge containing a second media bed, said inner cartridge fit into one of the open ends of the chromatography column.
 49. The sealing apparatus of claim 48 wherein said shoulder and said first sealing member are sized to fit slidably into said inner cartridge, when said first sealing member is uncompressed.
 50. The sealing apparatus of claim 49, further comprising porous plates, said second media bed bounded axially within said inner cartridge by said porous plates.
 51. The sealing apparatus of claim 45, further comprising a compression force receiving member on said second head piece, said compression force receiving member capable of receiving and transmitting compressive force.
 52. The sealing apparatus of claim 45 wherein said first head piece defines a flow path for the passage of fluids.
 53. The sealing apparatus of claim 45 wherein said contact face is concave.
 54. The combination of a sealing head for a sample-conveying conduit and a chromatography column comprising: a chromatography column having walls; a first head piece elongated along a longitudinal axis and sized to fit slidably into said column, said first head piece having a contact face and a body, said body defining an elongate flow channel along said axis; a second head piece slidably connected to said body of said first head piece; an intermediate head piece slidably connected to said body of said first head piece; and a plurality of elastomeric sealing members, including at least a first and second elastomeric sealing member, said first sealing member situated between said first head piece and said intermediate head piece, said second sealing member situated between said intermediate head piece and said second head piece, said first and second elastomeric sealing members being sized to fit slidably into said column when said elastomeric sealing members are not compressed, said first and second elastomeric sealing members capable of being compressed by the relative movement of said first and second head pieces, so that said elastomeric sealing members expand laterally.
 55. The combination of claim 54, further comprising an outwardly extending shoulder that is part of said first head piece.
 56. The combination of claim 54 wherein said first and second elastomeric sealing members are annular.
 57. The combination of claim 56 wherein said first and second elastomeric sealing members are o-rings.
 58. The combination of claim 54 wherein said contact face is at least partially concave.
 59. The combination of claim 54 wherein said column has flexible walls permitting radial compression.
 60. The combination of claim 54, further comprising an inner cartridge fitted inside said column.
 61. The combination of claim 60 wherein said first elastomeric sealing member is fitted inside said inner cartridge.
 62. The combination of claim 60 wherein said shoulder and said first elastomeric are fitted inside said inner cartridge.
 63. A method for sealing a sample-conveying conduit to a chromatography column comprising the steps of: providing a sealing apparatus sized to fit slidably into an open end of the column, said sealing apparatus comprising a first head piece, a second head piece, an intermediate head piece, and a plurality of elastomeric sealing members, said second head piece and said intermediate head piece slidably connected to a body of said first head piece, said plurality of elastomeric sealing members including at least a first elastomeric sealing member and a second elastomeric sealing member, said first elastomeric sealing member disposed between said first head piece and said intermediate head piece, said second elastomeric sealing member disposed between said intermediate head piece and said second head piece; inserting said apparatus into the column, while said first and second elastomeric sealing members are in an uncompressed state; and compressing said first and second elastomeric sealing members, by moving said first and second head pieces relative to each other, thus causing said elastomeric sealing members to expand laterally.
 64. The method of claim 63 wherein said first head piece includes an outwardly extending shoulder and said first elastomeric sealing member is disposed between said outwardly extending shoulder and said intermediate head piece.
 65. The method of claim 64 wherein said providing step includes providing an inner cartridge that is fit into the column,
 66. The method of claim 65 wherein said inserting step includes inserting said shoulder and said first elastomeric sealing member into said inner cartridge.
 67. The method of claim 63, further comprising the following steps for disconnecting the conduit: moving said first and second head pieces relative to each other so as to reduce the compression of said elastomeric sealing member; and removing said sealing head from the column.
 68. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein the column contains a media bed that forms a stop, said contact face is adapted to transmit force to the stop, said second head piece has a compression force receiving member, and said elastomeric sealing members are capable of being compressed by moving said second head piece toward the media bed so that said contact face of said first head piece transmits pressure to the stop, causing said elastomeric sealing members to expand laterally to form seals with the column.
 69. The sealing apparatus of claim 51 wherein the first media bed forms a stop, said second head piece has a compression force receiving member, and said elastomeric sealing members are capable of being compressed by moving said second head piece toward the first media bed so that said contact face of said first head piece transmits pressure against the stop, causing said elastomeric sealing members to expand laterally to form seals with the column.
 70. The combination of claim 54 wherein the column has a media bed that forms a stop, said contact face is adapted to transmit force to the stop, said second head piece has a compression force receiving member, and said elastomeric sealing members are capable of being compressed by moving said second head piece toward the first media bed so that said contact face of said first head piece transmits pressure against the stop, causing said elastomeric sealing members to expand laterally to form seals with the column.
 72. A chromatography sample module comprising a flow-through member having an inlet and an outlet, chromatography media within said flow-through member, and a sample carried on said media.
 73. A chromatography sample module comprising a tubular member that is sized to fit within the end of a chromatography column, said module having an inlet and an outlet, and chromatography media within said tubular member.
 74. The module of claim 73 further comprising a sample carried on said media.
 75. The combination comprising a chromatography column having a module receiving region at an inlet end thereof, and a chromatography sample module located within said module receiving region, said module including a flow-through member having an inlet and an outlet, and chromatography media within said flow-through member.
 76. The module of claim 75 further comprising a sample carried on said media.
 77. The module of claim 72, 74 or 76 wherein said sample has been absorbed onto said media.
 78. The module of claim 72, 74, or 76 wherein said sample is dissolved in a solvent that is held within said module on said media.
 79. A chromatography method comprising providing a chromatography sample module including a flow-through member having an inlet, an outlet, and chromatography media within said flow-through member, dissolving a sample in a solvent resulting in a dissolved sample, adding said dissolved sample to said media, and flowing solvent into said inlet and directing the effluent from said outlet to a chromatography column.
 80. The method of claim 79 further comprising evaporating said solvent from said module after said adding and prior to said flowing.
 81. The method of claim 79 or 80 further comprising placing said module in said chromatography column prior to said flowing.
 82. The method of claim 79 or 80 further comprising placing said module in said chromatography column prior to said flowing, and providing a seal between said module and said chromatography column prior to said flowing.
 83. The method of claim 79 wherein said providing includes providing a plurality of sample modules in an array in a support structure, each said module including a flow-through member having an inlet, an outlet, and chromatography media within said flow-through member, and wherein said adding includes adding dissolved samples to said media in said plurality of sample modules.
 84. Chromatography sample preparation apparatus comprising a plurality of chromatography sample modules, each said module including a flow-through member having an inlet, an outlet, and chromatography media within said flow-through member, and a support structure supporting said plurality of modules.
 85. The apparatus of claim 84 wherein said sample modules are adjacent to each other in said support structure.
 86. The apparatus of claim 84, wherein said samples are in an array in said support structure. 